PIMFA
The evolution of AI
The growth of AI has been possible because of the late Information Age: the emergence of algorithm- led social communities, deep-pocketed tech firms, vast textual information stores such as Wikipedia, as well as spillover benefits in computing power from gaming.
- 1950s-1960s
1950 – Alan Turing published his ideas for evaluating machine intelligence – now known as the “Turing Test”.
1950s-1970s – The birth of machine learning, natural language processing and neural networks. Significant optimism around potential for Al in the 1960s and early 1970s.
1964 ELIZA – the first chat bot was created at MIT, acting as a virtual ‘psychotherapist’ by responding to user input with preprogrammed responses.
- 1970s-1980s
1971 – The Kenbak-1 launched – the world’s first home computer.
Early-Mid 1980s – The rise of formal logic and hand- programmed ‘expert systems’ as the leading approach to AI.
1980s – Home computer ownerships expands with a range of products from Acorn, Apple and the BBC.
- 1980s-1990s
1990 – Launch of Windows 3.0, a hugely popular operating system developed by Microsoft.
1998 – The Internet, or World Wide Web, reaches 100 million users.
- 1990s-2000s
1997 – Deep Blue, a supercomputer chess-playing system designed by IBM, beats chess grandmaster Gary Kasparov.
- 2010s
2012 AlexNet – a form of artificial neural network (ANN), won the major ImageNet computer vision competition – ushering in the boom in AI research and investment, particularly around deep learning.
2014 Generative Adversarial Network created – a deep-learning approach that ‘creates’ images by using two neural networks, in which one learns by the other evaluating its output.
2016 – DeepMind’s AlphaGo beat Lee Sedol, a 9-dan professional, in Go.
2017 – Research paper ‘Attention Is All You Need’, authored by eight scientists working at Google, that introduced a new deep-learning architecture powering many generative models: the Transformer model.
2019 – Pluribus becomes the first Al to beat professional players in six-player poker.
- 2020s
2021-2022 Stable diffusion and DALL-E models break new ground in image- generation quality.
2022 Public launch of ChatGPT by OpenAI – by January 2023 the chatbot becomes fastest-growing consumer software application in history.
2024 First of its kind legislation, the AI Act is soon to be published by the EU and to enter into force shortly after. It is a risk based approach to regulating AI. The draft AI Liability Directive is due to be considered by the European Parliament and Council of the EU.
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